The evolution and global landscape of PhD stipends

The PhD concept has a long history, with its modern structure tracing back to 19th-century Germany. The term "stipend" originates from the Latin word “stipendium,” which initially referred to a soldier’s pay but now represents financial support for individuals dedicated to academic research.

According to Study International, PhD stipends vary widely worldwide, often influenced by regional living costs and institutional funding policies. Many top universities are located in cities with high expenses, making it challenging for students to rely solely on stipends.

In response, some universities and governments have recently increased funding to attract and retain research talent. Canada, for instance, has expanded the number and value of stipends for the next five years, while De La Salle University now provides full tuition coverage and monthly stipends for full-time PhD students.

Austria currently offers the highest average PhD stipend, at approximately $104,328 annually, supported by over 50 higher education institutions. In Sweden, PhD candidates receive salaries instead of stipends, providing more financial stability.

Denmark offers an Industrial PhD programme, which allows students to conduct research with direct commercial applications. Meanwhile, the Netherlands has established itself as a global leader in research output and publication impact, reinforcing its strong academic reputation.

As higher education institutions worldwide compete for top research talent, financial support for PhD students continues to evolve, shaping the future of academic research.